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The March Against Monsanto is an international grassroots movement and protest against Monsanto corporation, a producer of genetically modified organism (GMOs) and Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide.〔 The movement was founded by Tami Canal in response to the failure of California Proposition 37, a ballot initiative which would have required labeling food products made from GMOs. Advocates support mandatory labeling laws for food made from GMOs .〔〔 The initial march took place on May 25, 2013. The number of protesters who took part is uncertain; figures of "hundreds of thousands"〔 and the organizers' estimate of "two million"〔"(Protesters Around the World March Against Monsanto )". ''USA Today''. Associated Press. 26 May 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.〕 were variously cited. Events took place in between 330〔 and 436〔 cities around the world, mostly in the United States.〔〔〔 Canal said that the movement would continue its "anti-GMO cause" beyond the initial event.〔 Further marches occurred in October 2013 and in May 2014 and 2015. ==Background== Monsanto, headquartered in Creve Coeur, Missouri, is the largest producer of genetically engineered seed. Monsanto has been involved in high-profile lawsuits, as both plaintiff and defendant, and its current and former biotechnology products, its lobbying of government agencies, and its history as a chemical company have made it a controversial corporation.〔''Forbes'': (The Planet Versus Monsanto. ) Robert Langreth and Matthew Herper. December 31, 2009.〕 In the United States, the majority of corn, soybean, and cotton is genetically modified. Prior to the march, Monsanto's CEO Hugh Grant had accused opponents of genetically modified foods of wanting to block others from choosing more affordable food options, thus being guilty of "elitism".〔Murray, Ryan (8 June 2013). "(Backlash growing against GMOs )". ''Daily Inter Lake''. McClatchy-Tribune Regional News. Retrieved 18 June 2013; Milner, Conan (21 May 2013)〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Protests Against Monsanto in 55 Countries ) For the original Bloomberg interview, see: Kaskey, Jack (15 May 2013). "(Monsanto Sees 'Elitism' in Social Media-Fanned Opposition )". ''Bloomberg''. Retrieved 18 June 2013.〕 Advocacy groups such as Greenpeace,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Say no to genetic engineering )〕 The Non-GMO Project, and the Organic Consumers Association say that risks of GM food have not been adequately identified and managed, and they have questioned the objectivity of regulatory authorities. They have expressed concerns about the objectivity of regulators and the rigor of the regulatory process, possible contamination of non-GM foods, effects of GMOs on the environment and nature, and the consolidation of control of the food supply in companies that make and sell GMOs. There is, however, broad scientific consensus that food on the market derived from GM crops poses no greater risk than conventional food.〔American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Board of Directors (2012). (Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers )〕〔World Health Organization. (Food safety: 20 questions on genetically modified foods. ) Accessed December 22, 2012.〕〔FAO, 2004. (State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor ). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. "Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants - mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape - without any observed adverse effects (ICSU)."〕〔Other sources: * *Union der Deutschen Akademien der Wissenschaften(German Union of Academies of Science and Humanities).(Are there health hazards for the consumer from eating genetically modified food? ), Union of German Academies of Sciences and Humanities, Commission Green Biotechnology. Accessed in 2013. "food derived from GM plants approved in the EU and the US poses no risks greater than those from "conventional" food. On the contrary, in some cases food from GM plants appears to be superior with respect to health." *French Academy of Sciences (French Academy of Sciences Announces Support For Genetically Modified Crops ), French Academy of Science. ("Les plantes génétiquement modifiées" ), Décembre 2002. *14 Italian scientific societies produced a (Food Safety Consensus Document ) that said: "GMOs on the market today, having successfully passed all the tests and procedures necessary to authorization, are to be considered, on the basis of current knowledge, to be safe for use in human and animal foods." *Tamar Haspel for the Washington Post. October 15, 2013. (Genetically modified foods: What is and isn’t true ) *Winter CK and Gallegos LK (2006). (Safety of Genetically Engineered Food. ) University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Communications, Publication 8180. * * * *Dr. Christopher Preston, AgBioWorld 2011. (Peer Reviewed Publications on the Safety of GM Foods. ) *International Council for Science (ICSU)(New Genetics, Food and Agriculture: Scientific Discoveries - Societal Dilemmas (2003) ) "Currently available genetically modified foods are safe to eat." Their benefits include "improved nutritional quality", "removing allergens and/or toxic compounds from certain foods (e.g. peanuts)", "Pest tolerant crops can be grown with lower levels of chemical pesticides, resulting in reduced chemical residues in food, and less exposure to pesticides. Disease resistant crops may have lower levels of potentially carcinogenic mycotoxins."〕 No reports of ill effects have been documented in the human population from GM food.〔American Medical Association (2012). (Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods ) "Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature." (first page)〕〔United States Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (2004). Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. National Academies Press. (Free full-text ). National Academies Press. pp R9-10: "In contrast to adverse health effects that have been associated with some traditional food production methods, similar serious health effects have not been identified as a result of genetic engineering techniques used in food production. This may be because developers of bioengineered organisms perform extensive compositional analyses to determine that each phenotype is desirable and to ensure that unintended changes have not occurred in key components of food."〕 Although labeling of genetically modified organism (GMO) products in the marketplace is required in many countries, it is not required in the United States and no distinction between marketed GMO and non-GMO foods is recognized by the US FDA.〔Amy Harmon and Andrew Pollack for the New York Times. 24 May 2012 (Battle Brewing Over Labeling of Genetically Modified Food )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「March Against Monsanto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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